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. Tower defense ( TD) is a subgenre of where the goal is to defend a player's territories or possessions by obstructing the enemy attackers, usually achieved by placing defensive structures on or along their path of attack. This typically means building a variety of different structures that serve to automatically block, impede, attack or destroy enemies. Tower defense is seen as a of, due to its real-time origins, though many modern tower defense games include aspects of. Strategic choice and positioning of defensive elements is an essential strategy of the genre.
Ryan Clements of attributes the popularity of such games to psychology and human vulnerability. Tower defense, according to Clements, 'plays off of our need for security, ownership, and a desire to protect the people closest to us' arising from a need to create intrinsic value through 'ownership over things', 'personal space' and to 'repel our fears and insecurities'. Contents. History Precursors The tower defense genre can trace its lineage back to the in the 1980s. The object of the arcade game released in 1978 was to defend the player's territory (represented by the bottom of the screen) against waves of incoming enemies. The game featured shields which could be used to strategically, to obstruct enemy attacks on the player and assist the player to defend their territory, though not specifically to protect the territory.
The 1980 game changed that by introducing a strategy element. In the game, players could obstruct incoming missiles, and there were multiple attack paths in each attack wave. Missile Command was also the first of its kind to make use of a pointing device, a trackball, enabling players to use a crosshair. The innovation was ahead of its time and anticipated the genre's later boom, which was paved by the wide adoption of the computer mouse.
Additionally, in Missile Command, the sole target of the attackers is the base, not a specific player character. For these reasons, some regard it as the first true game in the genre. While later arcade games like (1981) and (1982) lacked the strategy element of Missile Command, they began a trend of games that shifted the primary objective to defending non-player items. In these games, defending non-players from waves of attackers is key to progressing. 1982 title for the Atari 2600 was one of the first to popularize the base defense style.
The concept of waves of enemies attacking the base in single file (in this case ) proved a formula that was subsequently copied by many games as the shift from arcade to began. Players were now able to choose from different methods of obstructing attackers' progress.
Green House, a popular 1982 handheld game by Nintendo Nintendo's popular 1980s hand held games featured many popular precursors. With their fixed sprite cells with binary states, games with waves of attackers following fixed paths were able to make use of the technical limitations of the platform yet proved simple and enjoyable to casual gamers. Vermin (1980), one of the first, had players with defending the garden (a theme followed by many later games) from relentless horde of moles. The following years saw a flood of similar titles, including Manhole (1981), Parachute (1981), and Popeye (1981).
1982 saw multiple titles with the primary object of protecting buildings from burning: Fire Attack, Oil Panic and Mickey & Donald. The later titles utilized multiple to increase the difficulty for players. With two screens these games introduced basic resource management (e.g. Oil and water), forcing players to multi-task. Green House (1982) was another popular two screen game in which players use clouds of pesticide spray to protect flowers from waves of attacking insects.
Despite the early rush of archetypal titles, ultimately there was a general decline in fixed-cell games, due to their the technical limitations, simplistic gameplay, and the rise of personal computers and handhelds the; correspondingly, this genre also declined. A rare exception was Safebuster (1988 multi-screen) in which the player protects a safe from a thief trying to blow it up.
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By the mid 1980s, the strategy elements began to further evolve. Early PC gaming examples include the 1984 Commodore 64 titles Gandalf the Sorcerer, a shooter with tower defense elements, and 's 1984 release. Pedro, a garden defense game, introduced new gameplay elements, including different enemy types as well as the ability to place fixed obstructions, and to build and repair the player's territory.
Modern genre emerges , released in 1990 is generally considered to have established the prototypical tower defense. Rampart introduced player placed defenses that automatically attack incoming enemies. In addition, it has distinct phases of build, defend and repair.
These are now staple gameplay elements of many games in the genre. It was also one of the first of its kind.
While Rampart was popular, similar games were rarely seen until the widespread adoption of the on the PC. The DOS title Ambush at Sorinor (1993) was a rare exception from this era. Tower defense gameplay also made an appearance on consoles with several in the series, including a tower-defense minigame in (1994) and the Fort Condor minigame in (1997), which was also one of the first to feature. (1997) had players defend the Dungeon Heart, a gigantic gem at the centre of your dungeon, which if destroyed, the player loses the game.
A central theme of the 3D first person shooter (1998) was to defend Energy Totems against hordes of attackers. As Real Time Strategy games gained popularity in PC gaming, many introduced tower defense modes in their gameplay, particularly in multiplayer modes. The 2006 maps Element Tower Defense (Element TD) and Gem Tower Defense released in February for the popular 3D RTS title almost single-handedly rekindled the genre. These titles would also bring elements to the genre for the first time. 2007-2008 boom Between 2007 and 2008, the genre became a phenomenon, due in part to the popularity of the tower defense mode in real time strategy games, but mainly due to the rise of as well as the emergence of major from Apple and Google. The first stand-alone emerged in 2007.
Among them were the extremely popular titles released in January, released in March and released in May. Desktop Tower Defense earned an award, and its success led to a version created for the by a different developer. Another significant Flash title released in 2008 was. Were not ignored in the boom and titles included and released in September and October respectively.
With the arrival of Apple's tower defense developers adapted quickly to the touchscreen interface and the titles were among the most downloaded, many of them ported directly from Flash. Among the more notable include (2009) which sold more than a million copies on iOS. The genre's success also led to new releases on PC. Popular 2008 titles included released in January, and in December.
Was released in April 2009. Released in May 2009 was another highly popular tower defense which became a successful series on mobile devices.
A new breed of 3D games By the end of the boom, most tower defense games were still stuck in the side scrolling, isometric, or graphical medium., released in November, 2008 unsuccessfully pioneered the first person perspective shooter with the genre. The awkward combination of experimental tower defense mechanics with 3D graphics was not well received, but later titles refined its execution paving the way for a popular new breed of games., released in October 2010, was one of the first tower defense games to bring the genre to the. It sold over 250,000 copies in first two weeks of release and over 600,000 copies by the end of 2011. The 2011 title, and popularized the first person shooter hybrid that was pioneered by these earlier games. Released in 2011 introduced a variation of gameplay which has been described as 'reverse tower defense', 'tower attack', and 'tower offense'. In the game, the player must attack the enemy bases protected by numerous defenses.
Sequels and other games have since experimented further with both styles of tower defense. With the advent of applications, such as the, tower defense has become a popular genre with titles such as Bloons TD and Plants vs. Zombies Adventures making the transition to turn-based play. Gameplay.